Window replacement for filling a window frame

ABSTRACT

A window replacement for filling a window frame in an aircraft is provided, in particular a passenger aircraft, the window replacement being fixable by a retainer in the window frame in place of the window assembly when the window assembly is removed. The window replacement comprises a panel-shaped element with at least a single curvature, the panel-shaped element being made of a synthetic material. The window replacement is formed by a monolithic panel-shaped element. The panel-shaped element of the window replacement may also be formed by a sandwich panel. This allows a weight reduction in comparison with a window replacement of a metallic material.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/900,685filed Sep. 13, 2007 and which claims the benefit of and priority toGerman Patent Application No. 10 2006 044 093.5 filed on Sep. 20, 2006,the complete disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a window replacement for filling a window framein an aircraft, in particular a passenger aircraft, the windowreplacement being fixable by means of a retainer in the window frame inplace of the window assembly when the window assembly is removed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

On account of the increases in the air freight market, a trebling of thevolume of freight is expected over the next 20 years, which in turn willcreate a demand for approximately 3000 further freight aircraft. Sinceonly few freight aircraft companies buy new freight aircraft from themanufacturers, by far the majority of all freight aircraft are convertedpassenger aircraft. During the conversion, the core is taken out of thepassenger aircraft and all fixtures and fittings necessary for passengerservice, such as the galley and panellings, are removed. A large cutoutfor the freight door is made in the fuselage, the bottom of the cabin isreinforced and the windows are closed by metal covers.

During the conversion to the freight version, the first step taken inthe area of the windows of the passenger aircraft is to remove thewindow retainers and then take out the transparent interior and exteriorwindow panes together with the window seal, known as the windowassembly. The actual window frame, which serves for reinforcing thefuselage structure in the area of the window frame and takes up all thestructural loads, remains in place.

The replacement of the windows by metal covers means additional weight,causing losses in payload of several tonnes in comparison with freightaircraft that are already supplied ex works without windows. Thisresults in considerable extra costs over the remaining lifetime of theconverted aircraft, which can be at least partly compensated by means ofthe window replacement according to the invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object of the invention is to avoid the disadvantages describedabove of the known closure cover for window frames of passengeraircraft.

The object is achieved by a window replacement for filling a windowframe in a passenger aircraft. The window replacement can be fixable bya retainer in the window frame in place of a window assembly when thewindow assembly is removed. The window replacement can be pressed by theretainer onto a slightly conical bearing surface. The retainer can befastened by a fastening element comprising an eye-bolt and a nut screwedonto it. The window replacement can include a panel-shaped element madeof a synthetic material. The panel shaped element can be a sandwichpanel, comprising a core structure arranged between an interior outerlayer and an exterior outer layer. The interior outer layer and theexterior outer layer can be enclosed by a peripheral seal having twoperipheral inner grooves for accommodating the interior outer layer andthe exterior outer layer.

The fact that the window replacement is formed by a panel-shaped elementwith at least a single curvature, with the panel-shaped element beingformed from a synthetic material, allows the existing losses in payloadin the conversion of passenger aircraft into freight aircraft to bereduced. One reason for the weight advantage in this case is the muchlower density of the composite material of the novel window replacementin comparison with metal, combined with its outstanding specificstrength and rigidity values.

In a first configurational variant (“monolithic window replacement”),the window replacement is formed by a panel-shaped element of a carbonfiber reinforced curable epoxy resin that is curved at least once. Theouter contour of the panel-shaped element corresponds substantially tothe outer contour of the window assembly fitted as standard in thewindow frame. The panel-shaped element may be formed with a single ordouble curvature (spherical), in order to achieve optimum adaptation tothe local curvature of the aircraft fuselage in the window area. Incomparison with the thickness of the window assembly, the windowreplacement in this configurational variant may have a lower thickness,so that it may be necessary for the cross-sectional geometry of aperipheral seal and/or the shaping of the retainer to be modifiedslightly in comparison with the sealing system of the window assemblyand of the retainer used for fixing the window assembly to allow thewindow replacement to be used.

In the first configurational variant of the window replacement,production is performed with preference by means of a continuousproduction process, for example with a preimpregnated web material (“CRPprepreg material”) of a curable carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin. Theweb material already has the required layer structure, the suitablelayer orientation and the correct material thickness. Before the finalcuring process, first the panel-shaped element is removed from theendless web material, for example by cutting out or punching outtwo-dimensional pieces of an appropriate geometry. At least the edgecontour of the panel-shaped elements corresponds approximately to thewindow assemblies to be replaced. The required further geometricalformation of the monolithic window replacement, in particular theadaptation to different local curvatures of the aircraft fuselage, canbe performed before the curing process or during the curing process. Itmay be that thickenings are also effected in the area of the edgecontour of the window replacement before the curing process, to provideedge reinforcement and thickness adaptation of the panel-shapedelements. After the completion of the curing process, the peripheralseal is pulled onto the panel-shaped element to form the finishedmonolithic window replacement.

Alternatively, fiber reinforced thermoplastic materials may also be usedfor producing the monolithic window replacement.

By contrast with the first configurational variant, in a secondconfigurational variant the panel-shaped element of the windowreplacement is formed as a sandwich panel, which likewise has at least asingle curvature, in order to permit adaptation to the curved outer skinof the fuselage or to the window frame. The sandwich panel has the usualconstruction with a core structure, preferably a core structure capableof allowing drainage, arranged between two outer layers.

The interior window pane and the exterior window pane of the windowassembly are in this case reproduced or replaced by the interior outerlayer and the exterior outer layer of the sandwich panel, and thefunction of the space between the interior window pane and the exteriorwindow pane is undertaken by the core structure arranged between theinterior and exterior outer layers of the sandwich panel.

This configurational variant has the advantage in particular that thewindow replacement has approximately the same dimensions or the samegeometrical shapes as a window assembly that is usually fitted in thewindow frame. Consequently, the window replacement in accordance withthe second configurational variant can be fitted in a simple mannerdirectly in the existing window frame without any further structuralmodifications, in particular to the retainer and/or to a peripheralseal.

In addition, there is a further weight saving in comparison with themonolithic embodiment, with the same or even to some extent furtherimproved mechanical properties.

Since, in a way corresponding to the window assembly, the windowreplacement according to both configurational variants does not have totake up any additional loads apart from the internal cabinpressure—these loads of the fuselage structure are generally taken up bythe window frame—the window replacement in both configurational variantscan be of a relatively simple construction, that is to say there is noneed to provide any special layer structure and/or fiber orientationthat is optimized in terms of stress transmission or distribution in themonolithic window replacement or in the sandwich panel.

A refinement of the window replacement provides that it is surrounded bya peripheral seal.

As a result, the sealing effect of the window replacement is enhancedand at the same time a firm fit of the window replacement is ensured.

An advantageous refinement of the window replacement provides that thepanel-shaped element is of a monolithic form and the synthetic materialis fiber-reinforced.

The fiber reinforcement achieves a higher mechanical load-bearingcapacity of the window replacement. The monolithic form of thepanel-shaped element additionally makes it possible for it to be easilyproduced, for example from a “CRP prepreg material” in web form of asuitable layer structure, in a continuous and therefore low-costproduction process.

In accordance with a further advantageous refinement, it is providedthat the synthetic material is a curable carbon fiber reinforced epoxyresin. This refinement allows a higher mechanical strength of the windowreplacement in comparison with other fiber composite materials.

A further development provides that the window replacement is formed bya sandwich panel which has a core structure that is arranged between aninterior outer layer and an exterior outer layer.

As a result, the window replacement does not require any structuralmodifications to the peripheral seal and/or the retainer of the windowframe or the window assembly, so that it is possible for it simply totake the place of a window assembly fitted in the usual way in thewindow frame. Moreover, the heat insulating capacity of the windowreplacement in comparison with the monolithic embodiment is improved tosuch an extent that under some circumstances it matches the heatinsulating capacity of a window assembly.

In accordance with a further advantageous refinement, it is providedthat the core structure is capable of drainage.

As a result, condensed water within the sandwich panel is drained away.This avoids any mechanical impairment of the integrity of the corestructure of the sandwich panel, for example by condensate freezing.

A further advantageous refinement provides that the core structure is afolded honeycomb structure or a slit honeycomb structure.

This refinement permits an adequately high compressive strength of thecore structure arranged between the exterior outer layer and theinterior outer layer of the sandwich panel to ensure its spacingfunction, while at the same time water condensing within the corestructure can be drained away to the outside.

A further advantageous embodiment of the window replacement providesthat the core structure is formed from a closed-cell rigid foam.

This achieves the effect of joining the interior outer layer and theexterior outer layer to the core structure formed from the closed-cellrigid foam by a connection that is simple and at the same time canwithstand mechanical loading. The closed-cell structure of the rigidfoam prevents, or at least hinders, the ingress of water, for example inthe form of condensed water. An open-cell rigid foam on the otherhand—by contrast with a core structure with cells of large volume thatis capable of drainage—would be undesirably conducive to the ingress ofwater on account of the capillary forces occurring.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic inner view of a window in a passenger aircraft,

FIG. 2 shows a cross section along the sectional line II-II through thewindow frame in accordance with FIG. 1,

FIG. 3 shows a cross section through the window frame with a fittedfirst configurational variant of a window replacement according to theinvention, and

FIG. 4 shows a second configurational variant of the window replacement.

In the drawings, the same structural elements in each case have the samereference numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 shows a schematic inner view of a window usually fitted in apassenger aircraft, with a window frame and a window assembly.

A window frame 1 is fixed in the area of a window opening 2 to an outerskin 3 of the fuselage of a passenger aircraft, for example beingriveted or adhesively bonded to it. By means of a retainer 4, a windowassembly 5 is pressed into the window frame 1, in order to ensure a firmand, in particular, pressure-sealed fit of the window assembly 5 in thewindow frame 1. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the connectionbetween the retainer 4 and the window frame 1 is achieved by a total ofeight fastening elements 6.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic cross section through a window frame that isusually used for passenger aircraft, according to FIG. 1, along thesectional line II-II.

The window assembly 5 is pressed by means of the retainer 4 onto aslightly conical bearing surface 7 of the window frame 1. As a result ofthe conicity of the bearing surface 7, the window assembly 5 centresitself of its own accord in the window frame. The window frame 1 isfirmly connected to the outer skin 3 of the fuselage by means offastening elements (not represented), for example in the form of rivets.The window assembly 5 comprises an interior window pane 8 with anexterior window pane 9 arranged parallel to it with a spacing inbetween, which are enclosed by a peripheral seal 10. To receive theinterior window pane 8 and the exterior window pane 9, the seal 10 hastwo peripheral inner grooves or inwardly directed recesses. Between theinterior window pane 8 and the exterior window pane 9 there is anair-filled intermediate space 11. Air is admitted to the intermediatespace 11 from the passenger cabin, in order to prevent icing of anycondensate that may be deposited. The fastening element 6 comprises aneye bolt 12 and a nut 13 that can be screwed onto it. A vertical web 14of the window frame 1 also has a bore for leading through a cross bolt15. By tightening the nut 13, the retainer 4, the window assembly 5 andthe window frame 1 are braced with respect to one another. Theconfiguration of the other seven fastening elements corresponds to theconstruction described above of the fastening element 6.

FIG. 3 shows a cross section through a window frame with a fitted firstconfigurational variant of a window replacement.

The window frame 1 is firmly connected to the outer skin 3 of thefuselage in the area of the window opening 2. The web 14 of the windowframe 1 and the cross bolt 15 are structurally unchanged in relation tothe described embodiment in accordance with FIG. 2.

The window replacement 16 is formed by a monolithic panel-shaped element17. The panel-shaped element 17 has at least a single curvature, whichcorresponds approximately to the respective local curvature of the outerskin 3 of the fuselage. On account of the smaller material thickness ofthe panel-shaped element 17 in comparison with the overall height of thewindow assembly 5, a retainer 18 has a greater height in comparison withthe retainer 4 represented in FIG. 2. A likewise modified peripheralseal 19 surrounds the panel-shaped element 17. By contrast with the seal10 described in FIG. 2, the seal 19 has just one peripheral recess orgroove for receiving an edge of the panel-shaped element 17 and acorrespondingly lower overall height in comparison with the seal 10. Thefixing of the window replacement 16 or the panel-shaped element 17 inthe window frame 1 or on the conical bearing surface 7 is performed in aknown way by means of the eye bolt 12 and the nut 13 and by means of thecross bolt 15 arranged in the area of the web 14 of the window frame 1.An inner surface 20 of the panel-shaped element 17 may also havereinforcing elements (not represented), for example in the form of ribsor beads.

The panel-shaped element 17 is formed for example from a curable fiberreinforced synthetic material, for example from a carbon fiberreinforced epoxy resin. The production of the window replacement 16 orthe panel-shaped element 17 may be performed continuously in largenumbers, for example by means of a CRP “prepreg” material in web form ofthe required material thickness and fiber orientation. Before or duringthe curing of the panel-shaped element 17 that is cut or punched outfrom the web material, or removed from the web material in some otherway, it may be adapted to the respective local curvature of the outerskin 3 of the fuselage. The panel-shaped element 17 may be curved onceor twice (spherical). The material thickness of the monolithicpanel-shaped element 17 is preferably up to 5 mm.

FIG. 4 shows a second configurational variant of the window replacement.

As a difference from the first configurational variant, a windowreplacement 21 with a sandwich panel 22 is formed as the panel-shapedelement 23. The sandwich panel 22 has a core structure 24, which isprovided on either side with an interior outer layer 25 and an exteriorouter layer 26. Here, the dimensions or the shape of the interior andexterior outer layers 25, 26 coincide substantially identically withthose of the interior and exterior window panes 8, 9 of the windowassembly 5. Therefore, it is easily possible for the window replacement21 to take the place of the window assembly 5. The seal 10 described inFIG. 2 can also (continue to) be used unchanged with the windowreplacement 21. To make this possible, the core structure 24 of thesandwich panel 22 has with preference a material thickness thatcorresponds approximately to a spacing between the interior window pane8 and the exterior window pane 9 of the conventional window assembly 5or the spacing of the interior space 11. In a way corresponding to thewindow assembly 5, the interior outer layer 25 and the exterior outerlayer 26 are enclosed or bordered by a peripheral seal 27. Thecross-sectional geometry of the seal 27 corresponds substantially to thecross-sectional geometry of the seal 10 of the window assembly 5 (cf.FIG. 2), so that the window assembly 5 can be exchanged for the windowreplacement 21 without any appreciable structural modifications. In away corresponding to the window assembly 5, the window replacement 21 inthe fitted state lies against the conical bearing surface 7 of thewindow frame 1. In principle, it would be possible to continue to usethe old seal 10 of the window assembly 5 for the window replacement 21,but in practice the window replacement 21 is generally provided with abrand-new seal 27 for safety reasons.

The interior and exterior outer layers 25, 26 are formed from a fiberreinforced, curable synthetic material, in particular with a carbonreinforced epoxy resin. The core structure 24 may be formed, forexample, in a known way from Nomex® paper or from aluminium honeycombs.The material thicknesses of the interior and exterior outer layers 25,26 correspond approximately to the corresponding thicknesses of theinterior and exterior window panes 8, 9 that are usually used in thewindow assembly 5.

Moreover, the core structure 24 is capable of drainage, that is to saythe core structure 24 is formed in particular from a folded honeycomb orfrom a slit honeycomb. As a result, the draining away of any condensatethat may form in the area of the core structure 24 is ensured andfreezing of the same is prevented. The configuration of the windowreplacement 21 with the sandwich panel 22 leads to a heat insulatingcapacity that is comparable with the window assembly 5 usually fitted ina window frame 1 and furthermore leads to reduced weight in comparisonwith the monolithic embodiment (cf. FIG. 3). An inner surface 28 of thepanel-shaped element 23 may also have reinforcing elements (notrepresented), for example in the form of ribs or beads.

The second configurational variant of the window replacement 21,represented in FIG. 4, can consequently take the place directly of thewindow assembly 5 without any structural modifications of the fasteningmeans, in particular of the retainer 4, the eye bolt 12, the nut 13, theweb 14 and the cross bolt 15.

The first configurational variant has a simpler construction incomparison with the second configurational variant of the windowreplacement 21. In addition, the first configurational variant of thewindow replacement 16 makes it possible for it to be produced easily andat low cost, in particular by means of continuous production processes.However, the window replacement 16 in accordance with the firstconfigurational variant does not have the heat insulating capacity ofthe window replacement 21 in accordance with the second configurationalvariant, which is achieved in particular by the sandwich structure. Inaddition, the first configurational variant has a lower mass in relationto the second configurational variant of the window replacement 21 withthe sandwich panel 22.

However, neither of the two configurational variants of the windowreplacement 16, 21 have to meet increased mechanical requirements, sinceonly the forces caused by the increased cabin pressure have to be takenup. All the structural fuselage loads are borne by the window frame 1and directed away via the window opening 2, so that in particular thereis no need for a reinforcing fiber orientation based on stresstransmission or distribution and/or a specific layer sequence of thereinforcing fabrics that are used.

Both variants of the window replacement are opaque to visible light andto electromagnetic radiation in the near and far infrared ranges, inorder inter alia to make it impossible to see into the space inside theaircraft from the outside.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

-   -   1 window frame    -   2 window opening    -   3 outer skin of fuselage    -   4 retainer    -   5 window assembly    -   6 fastening element    -   7 conical bearing surface    -   8 interior window pane    -   9 exterior window pane    -   10 seal    -   11 intermediate space    -   12 eye bolt    -   13 nut    -   14 web    -   15 cross bolt    -   16 window replacement    -   17 panel-shaped element    -   18 retainer    -   19 seal    -   20 inner surface    -   21 window replacement    -   22 sandwich panel    -   23 panel-shaped element    -   24 core structure    -   25 interior outer layer    -   26 exterior outer layer    -   27 seal    -   28 inner surface

What is claimed is:
 1. A window replacement assembly for filling awindow frame in a passenger aircraft, the window replacement beingfixable by a retainer in the window frame in place of a window assemblywhen the window assembly is removed, wherein the window replacement ispressed by the retainer onto a conical bearing surface, the retainerbeing fastened by a fastening element, the fastening element comprisingan eye-bolt and a nut screwed onto the eye-bolt, wherein the windowreplacement comprises a panel-shaped element with at least a singlecurvature, with the panel-shaped element being made of a syntheticmaterial, and the panel-shaped element being a sandwich panel,comprising a core structure being arranged between an interior outerlayer and an exterior outer layer, and wherein the core structure is afolded honeycomb core structure or a slit honeycomb core structure, theinterior outer layer and the exterior outer layer being enclosed by aperipheral seal, the peripheral seal having two peripheral inner groovesfor accommodating the interior outer layer and the exterior outer layer.2. The window replacement assembly according to claim 1, wherein thecore structure is capable of drainage.
 3. The window replacementassembly according to claim 1, wherein the core structure is formed froma closed-cell rigid foam.
 4. The window replacement assembly accordingto claim 1, wherein the interior outer layer and the exterior outerlayer are formed from a fiber reinforced synthetic material by a curablecarbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin.
 5. The window replacement assemblyaccording to claim 1, wherein the window replacement substantiallycorresponds in shape and dimensions to the window assembly, in order topermit an exchange without structural modifications.